The Model of Critical, Creative, and Computational Thinking Among Pre-Service Teachers in Indonesia and Malaysia
Main Article Content
Keywords
Computational thinking, creative thinking, critical thinking, structural equation model
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics that most strongly predict pre-service teachers' Computational Thinking (CT) skills. The significance of investigating potential correlations between Critical Thinking (CI) and Creative Thinking (CE) skills cannot be overstated. Using a Structural Equation Model, we constructed a model that investigates the components of the issue and preservice teachers' CT skills. The data were collected from 1,245 pre-service teachers in mathematics education and social science programs in Indonesia and Malaysia. A correlational survey approach was employed, and the CI, CE, and CT scales were administered to the respondents. Results showed that competence in CI and CE was predicted in CT. CI skills are the most important when predicting CT skills, while CE skills are just moderately so. Future research in ASEAN nations may gain insights by examining the influence of an integrated technological strategy on educators' attitudes toward their role in fostering CI, CE, and CT skills.
References
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Hu, C.-P., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2017). John W. Creswell, research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1453/jsas.v4i2.1313
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Putri, M.E., & Dwi, K.Y. (2023). Integrating STEAM education and computational thinking: Analysis of pre-service teachers' critical and creative thinking skills in an innovative teaching and learning. Southeast Asia Mathematics Education Journal, 13(1), 1-18. https:// journal.qitepinmath.org/index.php/seamej/article/view/241/0
Ramalingam, D., Anderson, P., Duckworth, D., Scoular, C., & Heard, J. (2018). Creative thinking: Definition and structure. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 4(5), 44-58. https://research.acer.edu.au/ar_misc/43
Richado, R., Dwiningrum, S. I. A., & Wijaya, A. (2023). Computational thinking skill for mathematics and attitudes based on gender: Comparative and relationship analysis. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.38
Setiawati, H., & Corebima, A. D. (2020). Empowering critical thinking skills of the pre-service teachers having different academic ability in biology learning of senior high school through PQ4R - TPS strategy. The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 4(2), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v4i5.09
Strajhar, P., Schmid, Y., Liakoni, E., Dolder, P. C., Rentsch, K. M., Kratschmar, D. V., Odermatt, A., Liechti, M. E., Ac, R., No, N., No, C., Oramas, C. V., Langford, D. J., Bailey, A. L., Chanda, M. L., Clarke, S. E., Drummond, T. E., Echols, S., Glick, S., … Mogil, J. S. (2019). Structural equation modeling basic assumptions and concepts: A novices guide. Nature Methods, 7(6), 20-35. www.eajournals.org Sukarso, A., Artayasa, I. P., Bahri, S., & Azizah, A. (2022). Provision of creative teaching materials in improving creative disposition and creative thinking skills of high school pre-service teachers. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(6), 2728-2736. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.2514
Voon, X. P., Wong, S. L., Wong, L. H., Khambari, M. N. M., & Syed-Abdullah, S. I. S. (2022). Developing computational thinking competencies through constructivist argumentation learning: A problem-solving perspective. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 12(6), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.18178/ ijiet.2022.12.6.1650
Adeyemi, S. B. (2021). Developing critical thinking skills in pre-service teachers: A mandate for higher education in Nigeria. European Journal of Educational Research, 1(2), 155-161. http://www.akademikplus.com/eujer/index.html
Aini, M., & Aini, M. (2023). Enhancing creative thinking and communication skills through engineering design process (EDP) learning model: A case study. BIOEDUKASI, 21(1), 21. https://doi. org/10.19184/bioedu.v21i1.38022
Amaliyah, F., Supeno, S., & Wahyuni, S. (2023). The profile of creative thinking skills of junior high school pre-service teachers in science learning about alternative energy. Jurnal Paedagogy, 10(3), 675. https://doi.org/10.33394/jp.v10i3.7444
Aziz, R. (2023). Creativity in higher education: The effect of personality on pre-service teachers' creative thinking skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity Journal, 6(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.23887/tscj.v6i1.54916
Bower, M., Wood, L. N., Lai, J. W. M., Howe, C., & Lister, R. (2022). Improving the computational thinking pedagogical capskills of school teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 42(3), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2017v42n3.4
Byrne, B. M. (2019). Structural equation modeling with amos: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Routledge.
Changwong, K., Sukkamart, A., & Sisan, B. (2020). Critical thinking skill development: Analysis of a new learning management model for Thai high schools. Journal of International Studies, 11(2), org/10.14254/2071
Dwi I. R., Susetyarini, E., Jaya Miharja, F., Raya Tlogomas, J., & Java, E. (2024). Developing STEM-PjBL worksheet to lift pre-service teachers' critical, creative, and computational thinking skill. Research and Development in Education, 4(1), 86-101. https://doi.org/10.22219/raden.v
Eragamreddy, N. (2023). Teaching creative thinking skills. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 11(2), 124-145. www.eltsjournal.orgwww.eltsjournal.org
Hamidi, A., Mirijamdotter, A., & Milrad, M. (2023). A complementary view to computational thinking and its interplay with systems thinking. Education Sciences, 13(2), 1-16. https://doi. org/10.3390/educsci13020201
Handayani, S. A., Rahayu, Y. S., & Agustini, R. (2020). Improving pre-service teachers' creative thinking skills through Google Classroom assisted GO_KAR Model during the Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 13, 4616-4621. http://www.irphouse.com
Heard, J., Scoular, C., Duckworth, D., Ramalingam, D., & Teo, I. (2020). Critical thinking :Skill development framework. The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd.
Hu, C.-P., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2017). John W. Creswell, research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1453/jsas.v4i2.1313
Kline, R. B. (2017). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
Kotsopoulos, D., Floyd, L., Khan, S., Namukasa, I. K., Somanath, S., Weber, J., & Yiu, C. (2017). A pedagogical framework for computational thinking. Digital Experiences in Mathematics Education, 3(2), 154-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40751-017-0031-2
Malik, A., & Ubaidillah, M. (2020). Pre-service teachers skill critical-creative thinking: A multivariate analysis of experiments and gender. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 8(Special Issue 1), 49-58. https://doi. org/10.23947/2334-8496-2020-8SI-49-58
Murcia, K., Pepper, C., Joubert, M., Cross, E., & Wilson, S. (2020). A framework for identifying and developing children's creative thinking while coding with digital technologies. Issues in Educational Research, 30(4), 13951417. https://www.iier.org.au/iier30/murcia2-abs.html
Oyelere, S. S., Agbo, F. J., & Sanusi, I. T. (2022). Developing a pedagogical evaluation framework for computational thinking supporting technologies and tools. Frontiers in Education, 7(4), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.3389/ feduc.2022.957739
Paf, M., & Dinçer, B. (2021). A study of the relationship between secondary school pre-service teachers' computational thinking skills and creative problem-solving skills. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 20(4), 1-15. https://files. eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1313467.pdf
Psycharis, S., Kalovrektis, K., & Xenakis, A. (2020). A conceptual framework for computational pedagogy in steam education: Determinants and perspectives. Hellenic Journal of STEM Education, 1(1), 17-32. https:// doi.org/10.51724/hjstemed.v1i1.4
Putri, M.E., & Dwi, K.Y. (2023). Integrating STEAM education and computational thinking: Analysis of pre-service teachers' critical and creative thinking skills in an innovative teaching and learning. Southeast Asia Mathematics Education Journal, 13(1), 1-18. https:// journal.qitepinmath.org/index.php/seamej/article/view/241/0
Ramalingam, D., Anderson, P., Duckworth, D., Scoular, C., & Heard, J. (2018). Creative thinking: Definition and structure. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 4(5), 44-58. https://research.acer.edu.au/ar_misc/43
Richado, R., Dwiningrum, S. I. A., & Wijaya, A. (2023). Computational thinking skill for mathematics and attitudes based on gender: Comparative and relationship analysis. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.38
Setiawati, H., & Corebima, A. D. (2020). Empowering critical thinking skills of the pre-service teachers having different academic ability in biology learning of senior high school through PQ4R - TPS strategy. The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 4(2), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v4i5.09
Strajhar, P., Schmid, Y., Liakoni, E., Dolder, P. C., Rentsch, K. M., Kratschmar, D. V., Odermatt, A., Liechti, M. E., Ac, R., No, N., No, C., Oramas, C. V., Langford, D. J., Bailey, A. L., Chanda, M. L., Clarke, S. E., Drummond, T. E., Echols, S., Glick, S., … Mogil, J. S. (2019). Structural equation modeling basic assumptions and concepts: A novices guide. Nature Methods, 7(6), 20-35. www.eajournals.org Sukarso, A., Artayasa, I. P., Bahri, S., & Azizah, A. (2022). Provision of creative teaching materials in improving creative disposition and creative thinking skills of high school pre-service teachers. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(6), 2728-2736. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.2514
Voon, X. P., Wong, S. L., Wong, L. H., Khambari, M. N. M., & Syed-Abdullah, S. I. S. (2022). Developing computational thinking competencies through constructivist argumentation learning: A problem-solving perspective. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 12(6), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.18178/ ijiet.2022.12.6.1650
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Published
Mar 13, 2026
Article Details
How to Cite
Yanuarto, W. N., Kusno, Zakaria, M. I., & Hapsari, I. (2026). The Model of Critical, Creative, and Computational Thinking Among Pre-Service Teachers in Indonesia and Malaysia. AsTEN Journal of Teacher Education, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.56278/asten.v10i1.3610
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Section 1: Research Articles and Research Briefs
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