Cultivating Design Thinking in Vietnamese High School Students: A STEAM-Powered Pedagogical Experiment
Main Article Content
Keywords
Design thinking competency, empathetic, High school students, liberal arts, STEAM education
Abstract
Education reforms worldwide increasingly emphasise creativity, problem-solving, and higher-order thinking, as reflected in UNESCO's Education 2030, the UN Sustainable Development Goal 4, and the OECD PISA Creative Thinking assessment. Responding to these global shifts, Vietnam has integrated STEAM into its competency-based reforms; however, empirical evidence on how STEAM develops design thinking at the upper-secondary level remains limited. This study addresses this gap through a mixed-methods intervention with 69 Grade 11 students in Ho Chi Minh City. Two STEAM lessons on Electricity and Magnetic Fields were structured around a five-stage design thinking framework. Data from classroom observations, video analysis, and pre-/post-intervention assessments indicate promising improvements in reasoning and ideation, alongside moderate gains in empathy, modelling, and process management. These findings provide preliminary evidence that STEAM can cultivate design thinking competencies in Vietnamese high schools and contribute to ASEAN and global agendas promoting creativity, innovation, and 21st-century skills.
References
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Arlinwibowo, J., Retnawati, H., Pradani, R. G., & Fatima, G. N. (2023). STEM implementation issues in Indonesia: Identifying the problems source and its implications. The Qualitative Report, 28(8), 2213-2229. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5667
Bain, J., & McLaren, S. V. (2006). Sustainable assessment: Exploring a learner-centred approach in practice. In H. P. Middleton (Ed.), Values in technology education: 4th Biennial International Conference on Technology Education Research (TERC 2006) (pp. 1-7). Centre for Learning Research, Griffith University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27224215
Baynes, K., & Baynes, B. (2010). Models of change: The future of design education. Design and Technology Education, 15(3), 10-17. https://ojs.lboro.ac.uk/DATE/article/view/1532
Bequette, J., & Bequette, M. (2012). A place for art and design education in the STEM conversation. Art Education, 65(2), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2012.11519167
Berry, M. (2012). Analysis of a program to promote design education in rural Queensland secondary schools. In H. Middleton (Ed.), 7th Biennial International Conference on Technology Education Research 2012: Best practice in technology, design and engineering education (pp. 52–60). Griffith Institute for Educational Research.
Botuzova, Y., Iievliev, O., Okipniak, I., Yandola, K., & Charkina, T. (2023). Innovative approaches to assessment in pedagogical practice: New technologies, methods and development of objective assessment tools. Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade, 16(2), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v16.n2.386-398
Brown, T., & Katz, B. (2019). Change by design: How design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. Harper Collins.
Brown, T., & Wyatt, J. (2010). Design thinking for social innovation. Development Outreach, 12(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29
Buchanan, R. (1992). Wicked problems in design thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637
Bush, S. B., Cook, K. L., Edelen, D., & Cox, R. (2020). Elementary students' STEAM perceptions: Extending frames of reference through transformative learning experiences. Elementary School Journal, 129(4), 692-714. https://doi.org/10.1086/708642
Bush, S. B., Edelen, D., Roberts, T., Maiorca, C., Ivy, J. T., Cook, K. L., & Moh, M. J. (2022). Humanistic STE(A)M instruction through empathy: Leveraging design thinking to improve society. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 19(1), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1
554480X.2022.2147937
Cao, T. H., Trinh, T. P., Nguyen, T. T., Le, T. T., Ngo, V. D., & Tran, T. (2020). A bibliometric review of research on STEM education in ASEAN: Science mapping the literature in Scopus database, 2000 to 2019. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10), Article em1889. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8500
Carroll, M. P. (2014). Shoot for the moon! The mentors and the middle schoolers explore the intersection of design thinking and STEM. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 4(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.7771/2157-9288.1072
Carroll, M., Goldman, S., Britos, L., Koh, J., Royalty, A., & Hornstein, M. (2010). Destination, imagination and the fires within: Design thinking in a middle school classroom. International Journal of Art and Design Education, 29(1), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-
8070.2010.01632.x
Clarke, E. J. (2012). Empowering educators through teacher research: Promoting qualitative inquiry among K-12 educators. Journal of Ethnographic & Qualitative Research, 7(2), 67-79. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1001870
Cook, K. L., & Bush, S. B. (2018). Design thinking in integrated STEAM learning: Surveying the landscape and exploring exemplars in elementary grades. School Science and Mathematics, 118(3-4), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12268
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cusens, D., & Byrd, H. (2013). An exploration of foundational design thinking across educational domains. Art, Design, and Communication in Higher Education, 12(2), 229-245. https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.12.2.229_1
Davis, M. (2011). Creativity, innovation, and design thinking. In S. Warner & P. Gemmill (Eds.), Creativity and design in technology & engineering education (Vol. 60, pp. 149–181). The Council on Technology Teacher Education.
Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689812437186
Edelen, D., Cox, R., Bush, S. B., & Cook, K. (2023). Centering students in transdisciplinary STEAM using positioning theory. Electronic Journal for Research in Science & Mathematics Education, 26(4), 111-129. https://ejrsme.icrsme.com/article/view/21861
Fortus, D., Dershimer, R. C., Krajcik, J., Marx, R. W., & Mamlok-Naaman, R. (2004). Design-based science and student learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 41(10), 1081-1110. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20040
Goleman, D. (1999). Working with emotional intelligence. Bloomsbury. Henriksen, D. (2017). Creating STEAM with design thinking: Beyond STEM and arts integration. The STEAM Journal, 3(1), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.5642/steam.20170301.11
Johns, G., & Mentzer, N. (2016). STEM integration through design and inquiry. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 76(3), 13-17. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1835963154
Kangas, K., Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, P., & Hakkarainen, K. (2013). Design thinking in elementary students' collaborative lamp designing process. Journal of Design and Technology Education, 18(1), 30-43. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1007138
Kimbell, R. (2007). Assessment of design and technology in the U.K.: International approaches to assessment. In M. C. Hoepfl & M. R. Lindstrom (Eds.), Assessment of technology education (pp. 181–202). CTTE 56th Yearbook. Glencoe-McGraw Hill.
Ladachart, L., Khamlarsai, S., & Phothong, W. (2022). Cultivating a design thinking mindset in educationally disadvantaged students using a design-based activity. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 30(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.30722/IJISME.30.04.001
Le, C. N., Ho, Q. H., & Le, H. P. (2025). Integrating design thinking into STEM education: Enhancing problem-solving skills of high school students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(4), Article em2611. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/16084
Melles, G., Howard, Z., & Thompson-Whiteside, S. (2012). Teaching design thinking: Expanding horizons in design education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.035
Mentzer, N., Becker, K., & Sutton, M. (2015). Engineering design thinking: High school students' performance and knowledge. Journal of Engineering Education, 104(4), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20105
Ng, A. (2024). Empowering Malaysian early childhood practitioners' sustainable inclusive practices through the 'Integrating and Navigating Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics' (inSTEAM) framework. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(11), Article em2531. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15579
Nguyen, H. D., Nguyen, H. N., & Ta, T. T. (2024). Enhancing technology competence among primary students through STEAM lessons applying the design thinking process. Journal of Elementary Education, 17(2), 189-207. https://doi.org/10.18690/rei.2960
Nguyen, K. D., & Pham, T. H. (2020). An overview on development strategies of STEM education in US and the experiences for Vietnam education system [Nghiên cứu tổng quan về chiến lược phát triển giáo dục STEM tại Hoa Kì và bài học kinh nghiệm cho giáo dục Việt Nam]. HCMUE Journal of Science, 17(2), 270-81. https://doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.17.2.2605(2020)
Nguyen, T. N., & Ta, T. T. (2021). STEAM education and the applicability of design thinking as an approach to integrate artliberal into STEAM education [Giáo dục STEAM và tiềm năng vận dụng quy trình tư duy thiết kế để triển khai giáo dục STEAM]. HCMUE Journal of Science, 18(2), 310-320. https://doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.18.2.2996
OECD. (2022). PISA 2022 results (Volume I): Creative thinking. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/19963777
OECD. (2024). PISA 2022 results (Volume III): Creative thinking. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/6e39d0cd-en
Prime Minister of Vietnam. (2022). Decision 146/QĐ-TTg: Raising awareness, popularising skills and developing national digital transformation human resources by 2025, with a vision to 2030. Government of Vietnam.
Razzouk, R., & Shute, V. (2012). What is design thinking and why is it important? Review of Educational Research, 82(3), 330-348. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654312457429
Rusmann, A., & Ejsing-Duun, S. (2022). When design thinking goes to school: A literature review of design competences for the K-12 level. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(4), 2063-2091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-021-09692-4
Sarmiento, C. P., Morales, M. P., Elipane, L. E., & Palomar, B. C. (2020). Assessment practices in Philippine higher STEAM education. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 17(5),1-17. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1280448
Scheer, A., Noweski, C., & Meinel, C. (2012). Transforming constructivist learning into action: Design thinking in education. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 17(3), 8-19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ996067.pdf
Sovansophal, K., & Shimizu, K. (2020). Factors affecting Cambodian upper secondary school students' choice of science track. International Journal of Sociology of Education, 9(3), 62-292. https://doi.org/10.17583/rise.2020.4823
Ta, T. T., Do, H. N., Nguyen, H. N., & Le, T. T. (2024). Framework for measuring high school students' design thinking competency in STE(A)M education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 35(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-024-09922-5
Ta, T. T., Ta, H. A., & Nguyen, T. N. (2023). Students' design thinking competency expressed through empathetic problem-solving in STEAM education. TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 228(4), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.7569
Tupas, F. P., & Matsuura, T. (2019). Moving forward in STEM education: Challenges and innovations in senior high school in the Philippines. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(3), 407-416. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i3.19707
UNESCO. (2015). Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245656
UNESCO. (2021). 5th UNESCO Forum on transformative education for sustainable development, global citizenship, health and well-being: Recommendations for action towards transformative education. UNESCO.
Vries, H. de. (2021). Space for STEAM: New creativity challenge in education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 586318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586318
Watson, A. D. (2015). Design thinking for life. Art Education, 68(3), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2015.11519317
Wells, A. (2013). The importance of design thinking for technological literacy: A phenomenological perspective. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 23(3), 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-012-9207-7
World Bank. (2020). Vietnam: Enhancing teaching and learning through curriculum reform. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org
Wrigley, C., & Straker, K. (2017). Design thinking pedagogy: The educational design ladder. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 54(4), 374-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2015.1108214
Yakman, G. (2018). STEAM pyramid history. STEAM Education. https://steamedu.com
Yu, Q., Yu, K., & Lin, R. (2024). A meta-analysis of the effects of design thinking on student learning. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, Article 742. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03237-5
Arlinwibowo, J., Retnawati, H., Pradani, R. G., & Fatima, G. N. (2023). STEM implementation issues in Indonesia: Identifying the problems source and its implications. The Qualitative Report, 28(8), 2213-2229. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5667
Bain, J., & McLaren, S. V. (2006). Sustainable assessment: Exploring a learner-centred approach in practice. In H. P. Middleton (Ed.), Values in technology education: 4th Biennial International Conference on Technology Education Research (TERC 2006) (pp. 1-7). Centre for Learning Research, Griffith University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27224215
Baynes, K., & Baynes, B. (2010). Models of change: The future of design education. Design and Technology Education, 15(3), 10-17. https://ojs.lboro.ac.uk/DATE/article/view/1532
Bequette, J., & Bequette, M. (2012). A place for art and design education in the STEM conversation. Art Education, 65(2), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2012.11519167
Berry, M. (2012). Analysis of a program to promote design education in rural Queensland secondary schools. In H. Middleton (Ed.), 7th Biennial International Conference on Technology Education Research 2012: Best practice in technology, design and engineering education (pp. 52–60). Griffith Institute for Educational Research.
Botuzova, Y., Iievliev, O., Okipniak, I., Yandola, K., & Charkina, T. (2023). Innovative approaches to assessment in pedagogical practice: New technologies, methods and development of objective assessment tools. Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade, 16(2), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v16.n2.386-398
Brown, T., & Katz, B. (2019). Change by design: How design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. Harper Collins.
Brown, T., & Wyatt, J. (2010). Design thinking for social innovation. Development Outreach, 12(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29
Buchanan, R. (1992). Wicked problems in design thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511637
Bush, S. B., Cook, K. L., Edelen, D., & Cox, R. (2020). Elementary students' STEAM perceptions: Extending frames of reference through transformative learning experiences. Elementary School Journal, 129(4), 692-714. https://doi.org/10.1086/708642
Bush, S. B., Edelen, D., Roberts, T., Maiorca, C., Ivy, J. T., Cook, K. L., & Moh, M. J. (2022). Humanistic STE(A)M instruction through empathy: Leveraging design thinking to improve society. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 19(1), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1
554480X.2022.2147937
Cao, T. H., Trinh, T. P., Nguyen, T. T., Le, T. T., Ngo, V. D., & Tran, T. (2020). A bibliometric review of research on STEM education in ASEAN: Science mapping the literature in Scopus database, 2000 to 2019. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10), Article em1889. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8500
Carroll, M. P. (2014). Shoot for the moon! The mentors and the middle schoolers explore the intersection of design thinking and STEM. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research, 4(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.7771/2157-9288.1072
Carroll, M., Goldman, S., Britos, L., Koh, J., Royalty, A., & Hornstein, M. (2010). Destination, imagination and the fires within: Design thinking in a middle school classroom. International Journal of Art and Design Education, 29(1), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-
8070.2010.01632.x
Clarke, E. J. (2012). Empowering educators through teacher research: Promoting qualitative inquiry among K-12 educators. Journal of Ethnographic & Qualitative Research, 7(2), 67-79. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1001870
Cook, K. L., & Bush, S. B. (2018). Design thinking in integrated STEAM learning: Surveying the landscape and exploring exemplars in elementary grades. School Science and Mathematics, 118(3-4), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12268
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cusens, D., & Byrd, H. (2013). An exploration of foundational design thinking across educational domains. Art, Design, and Communication in Higher Education, 12(2), 229-245. https://doi.org/10.1386/adch.12.2.229_1
Davis, M. (2011). Creativity, innovation, and design thinking. In S. Warner & P. Gemmill (Eds.), Creativity and design in technology & engineering education (Vol. 60, pp. 149–181). The Council on Technology Teacher Education.
Denzin, N. K. (2012). Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689812437186
Edelen, D., Cox, R., Bush, S. B., & Cook, K. (2023). Centering students in transdisciplinary STEAM using positioning theory. Electronic Journal for Research in Science & Mathematics Education, 26(4), 111-129. https://ejrsme.icrsme.com/article/view/21861
Fortus, D., Dershimer, R. C., Krajcik, J., Marx, R. W., & Mamlok-Naaman, R. (2004). Design-based science and student learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 41(10), 1081-1110. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20040
Goleman, D. (1999). Working with emotional intelligence. Bloomsbury. Henriksen, D. (2017). Creating STEAM with design thinking: Beyond STEM and arts integration. The STEAM Journal, 3(1), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.5642/steam.20170301.11
Johns, G., & Mentzer, N. (2016). STEM integration through design and inquiry. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 76(3), 13-17. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1835963154
Kangas, K., Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, P., & Hakkarainen, K. (2013). Design thinking in elementary students' collaborative lamp designing process. Journal of Design and Technology Education, 18(1), 30-43. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1007138
Kimbell, R. (2007). Assessment of design and technology in the U.K.: International approaches to assessment. In M. C. Hoepfl & M. R. Lindstrom (Eds.), Assessment of technology education (pp. 181–202). CTTE 56th Yearbook. Glencoe-McGraw Hill.
Ladachart, L., Khamlarsai, S., & Phothong, W. (2022). Cultivating a design thinking mindset in educationally disadvantaged students using a design-based activity. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education, 30(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.30722/IJISME.30.04.001
Le, C. N., Ho, Q. H., & Le, H. P. (2025). Integrating design thinking into STEM education: Enhancing problem-solving skills of high school students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(4), Article em2611. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/16084
Melles, G., Howard, Z., & Thompson-Whiteside, S. (2012). Teaching design thinking: Expanding horizons in design education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.035
Mentzer, N., Becker, K., & Sutton, M. (2015). Engineering design thinking: High school students' performance and knowledge. Journal of Engineering Education, 104(4), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20105
Ng, A. (2024). Empowering Malaysian early childhood practitioners' sustainable inclusive practices through the 'Integrating and Navigating Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics' (inSTEAM) framework. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(11), Article em2531. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15579
Nguyen, H. D., Nguyen, H. N., & Ta, T. T. (2024). Enhancing technology competence among primary students through STEAM lessons applying the design thinking process. Journal of Elementary Education, 17(2), 189-207. https://doi.org/10.18690/rei.2960
Nguyen, K. D., & Pham, T. H. (2020). An overview on development strategies of STEM education in US and the experiences for Vietnam education system [Nghiên cứu tổng quan về chiến lược phát triển giáo dục STEM tại Hoa Kì và bài học kinh nghiệm cho giáo dục Việt Nam]. HCMUE Journal of Science, 17(2), 270-81. https://doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.17.2.2605(2020)
Nguyen, T. N., & Ta, T. T. (2021). STEAM education and the applicability of design thinking as an approach to integrate artliberal into STEAM education [Giáo dục STEAM và tiềm năng vận dụng quy trình tư duy thiết kế để triển khai giáo dục STEAM]. HCMUE Journal of Science, 18(2), 310-320. https://doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.18.2.2996
OECD. (2022). PISA 2022 results (Volume I): Creative thinking. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/19963777
OECD. (2024). PISA 2022 results (Volume III): Creative thinking. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/6e39d0cd-en
Prime Minister of Vietnam. (2022). Decision 146/QĐ-TTg: Raising awareness, popularising skills and developing national digital transformation human resources by 2025, with a vision to 2030. Government of Vietnam.
Razzouk, R., & Shute, V. (2012). What is design thinking and why is it important? Review of Educational Research, 82(3), 330-348. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654312457429
Rusmann, A., & Ejsing-Duun, S. (2022). When design thinking goes to school: A literature review of design competences for the K-12 level. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(4), 2063-2091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-021-09692-4
Sarmiento, C. P., Morales, M. P., Elipane, L. E., & Palomar, B. C. (2020). Assessment practices in Philippine higher STEAM education. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 17(5),1-17. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1280448
Scheer, A., Noweski, C., & Meinel, C. (2012). Transforming constructivist learning into action: Design thinking in education. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 17(3), 8-19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ996067.pdf
Sovansophal, K., & Shimizu, K. (2020). Factors affecting Cambodian upper secondary school students' choice of science track. International Journal of Sociology of Education, 9(3), 62-292. https://doi.org/10.17583/rise.2020.4823
Ta, T. T., Do, H. N., Nguyen, H. N., & Le, T. T. (2024). Framework for measuring high school students' design thinking competency in STE(A)M education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 35(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-024-09922-5
Ta, T. T., Ta, H. A., & Nguyen, T. N. (2023). Students' design thinking competency expressed through empathetic problem-solving in STEAM education. TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 228(4), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.7569
Tupas, F. P., & Matsuura, T. (2019). Moving forward in STEM education: Challenges and innovations in senior high school in the Philippines. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(3), 407-416. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i3.19707
UNESCO. (2015). Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245656
UNESCO. (2021). 5th UNESCO Forum on transformative education for sustainable development, global citizenship, health and well-being: Recommendations for action towards transformative education. UNESCO.
Vries, H. de. (2021). Space for STEAM: New creativity challenge in education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 586318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586318
Watson, A. D. (2015). Design thinking for life. Art Education, 68(3), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2015.11519317
Wells, A. (2013). The importance of design thinking for technological literacy: A phenomenological perspective. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 23(3), 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-012-9207-7
World Bank. (2020). Vietnam: Enhancing teaching and learning through curriculum reform. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org
Wrigley, C., & Straker, K. (2017). Design thinking pedagogy: The educational design ladder. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 54(4), 374-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2015.1108214
Yakman, G. (2018). STEAM pyramid history. STEAM Education. https://steamedu.com
Yu, Q., Yu, K., & Lin, R. (2024). A meta-analysis of the effects of design thinking on student learning. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, Article 742. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03237-5
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Nov 17, 2025
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Ta, T.-T. (2025). Cultivating Design Thinking in Vietnamese High School Students: A STEAM-Powered Pedagogical Experiment. AsTEN Journal of Teacher Education, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.56278/asten.v9i2.3338
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