Traditional Knowledge as a Mediator of Climate Awareness and Agricultural Resilience: Insights from Northern Negros, Philippines
Main Article Content
Keywords
climate change awareness, traditional knowledge, northern Negros, agricultural resilience
Abstract
The article assesses the climate change awareness and resilience of farming communities in Northern Negros, Philippines. It employs a descriptive-quantitative approach, guided by the Awareness-to-Action Model and Resilience Theory. From a total population size of 30,653, stratified sampling was used, and 394 respondents were selected to provide the results. Key findings reveal the level of climate change awareness among respondents. Personal experience and family are key sources of this knowledge; however, institutional sources, such as village leaders and NGOs, are a lesser influence. Additionally, traditional knowledge has been essential in adaptation, such as indigenous pest management, drought management through conventional irrigation, and water conservation. In conclusion, traditional knowledge is vital for climate adaptation but is most effective when supported by technology, institutions, and education within a framework of community resilience.
References
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Irene, E. A., & Abadiano, M. N. (2017). Exploring Indigenous Knowledge, Community Resilience and Belief Systems in Typhoon prone Areas of Samar, Philippines. 2(1), 1-15. https://jar.ssu.edu.ph/index.php/JAR/article/view/19
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Kamakaula, Y. (2024). Impact of Climate Change on Traditional Agricultural Practices: An Ethnoecological Perspective. Deleted Journal, 2(02), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.58812/ wsa.v2i02.868
Keats, B., & Evans, P. (2020). Traditional knowledge and resource management in the northwest territories, Canada: Definitions, disciplinary divides, and reasons for decisions. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(4), 1309-1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.08.009
Leal Filho, W., Luetz, J. M., Totin, E., Ayal, D. Y., & Mendy, E. (2025). Obstacles to implementing indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation in Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 373, 123678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123678
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Madamombe, S. M., Ng’ang’a, S. K., Öborn, I., Nyamadzawo, G., Chirinda, N., Kihara, J., & Nkurunziza, L. (2024). Climate change awareness and adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers in semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2023.2293588
Makondo, C. C., & Thomas, D. S. G. (2018). Climate change adaptation: Linking indigenous knowledge with western science for effective adaptation. Environmental Science & Policy, 88, 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.014
Mbah, M., Ajaps, S., & Molthan-Hill, P. (2021). A systematic review of Indigenous Knowledge Systems for climate change adaptation in developing contexts. Sustainability, 13(9), 4811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094811
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Phenica, B. A., Lakshmi, T., Prasad, S. V., & Ramu, Y. R. (2018). A study on production constraints of rice cultivation in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and suggestions to overcome them. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 7(11), 2364-2368. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.267
Pretty, J., & Pervez Bharucha, Z. (2015). Integrated pest management for sustainable intensification of agriculture in Asia and Africa. Insects, 6(1), 152-182. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects6010152
Ramya, A., Poornima, R., Karthikeyan, G., Priyatharshini, S., Thanuja, K. G., & Dhevagi, P. (2023). Climate-Induced and Geophysical Disasters and Risk Reduction Management in Mountains Regions. In Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management and Sustainable Practices in the Himalaya (pp. 361-405). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24659-3_16
Reyes-García, V., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Guèze, M., Garcés, A., Mallo, M., Vila-Gómez, M., & Vilaseca, M. (2019). Local indicators of climate change: The potential contribution of local knowledge to climate research. WIREs Climate Change, 10(1), e557. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.557
Ricart, S., Gandolfi, C., & Castelletti, A. (2023). Climate change awareness, perceived impacts, and adaptation from farmers' experience and behavior: A triple-loop review. Regional Environmental Change, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02078-3
Ruiz-Mallén, I., Satorras, M., March, H., & Baró, F. (2022). Community climate resilience and environmental education: Opportunities and challenges for transformative learning. Environmental Education Research, 28(7), 1088-1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2070602
Serote, B., Mokgehle, S., Senyolo, G., du Plooy, C., Hlophe-Ginindza, S., Mpandeli, S., ... & Araya, H. (2023). Exploring the barriers to the adoption of climate-smart irrigation technologies for sustainable crop productivity by smallholder farmers: Evidence from South Africa. Agriculture, 13(2), 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020246
Shehrawat, P. S., Arulmanikandan, B., & Singh, S. (2024). Farmers' Awareness and Adoption of Digital Agricultural Technologies for Sustainable Crop Production. International Journal of Economic Plants, 11(4), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.23910/2/2024.5694a
Theodory, T. F. (2021). Understanding the relevance of indigenous knowledge on climate change adaptation among mixed farmers in the Ngono River Basin, Tanzania. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 13(1), 51-59.
van den Burg, S., Deolu-Ajayi, A. O., Nauta, R., Cervi, W. R., van der Werf, A., Poelman, M., ... & van der Meer, I. M. (2024). Knowledge gaps on how to adapt crop production under changing saline circumstances in the Netherlands. Science of The Total Environment, 170118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170118
van Valkengoed, A. M., Perlaviciute, G., & Steg, L. (2023). From believing in climate change to adapting to climate change: The role of risk perception and efficacy beliefs. Risk Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.14193
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Zhang, H. L., Zhao, X., Yin, X. G., Liu, S. L., Xue, J. F., Wang, M., ... & Chen, F. (2015). Challenges and adaptations of farming to climate change in the North China Plain. Climatic Change, 129, 213-224. Retrieved from https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20153116723
Zohuri, B., & Moghaddam, M. (2017). Resilience and Resilience System (pp. 1-32). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53417-6_1
Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social capital and community resilience. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299
Alvar-Beltrán, J., Elbaroudi, I., Gialletti, A., Heureux, A., Neretin, L., & Soldan, R. (2021). Climate resilient practices: typology and guiding material for climate risk screening. FAO, Rome, 36. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d5d89fe4-3cc1-45dc9b55-c8a780c00918/content
Antwi-Agyei, P., & Stringer, L. C. (2021). Improving the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in supporting farmers to adapt to climate change: Insights from northeastern Ghana.Climate Risk Management, 32, 100304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100304
Anugwom, E. E., & Anugwom, K. (2022). The Power of Resilience: Local Institutions, Local Experience, and Adaptation to Climate Change in Nigeria. Journal of Anthropological Research, 78(3), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1086/720703
Asmamaw, M., Mereta, S. T., & Ambelu, A. (2020). The role of local knowledge in enhancing the resilience of dinki watershed social-ecological system, central highlands of Ethiopia. Plos one, 15(9), e0238460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238460
Audefroy, J. F., & Sánchez, B. N. C. (2017). Integrating local knowledge for climate change adaptation in Yucatán, Mexico. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 6(1), 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.03.007
Bassiag, F. R. (2023). Beliefs, Concerns, Attitudes and Adaptation Strategies of Farmers Towards Climate Change in Cagayan Valley, Philippines. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3188256/v1
Bostrom, A., Morgan, M., Fischhoff, B., & Read, D. (1994). What do people know about global climate change 1. Mental models. Risk Analysis;(United States), 14(6).
Camacho, L. D., Gevaña, D. T., Carandang, A. P., & Camacho, S. C. (2016). Indigenous knowledge and practices for the sustainable management of Ifugao forests in Cordillera, Philippines. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 12(1-2), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2015.1124453
Chanza, N., & De Wit, A. (2016). Enhancing climate governance through indigenous knowledge: Case in sustainability science. South African Journal of Science, 112(3-4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99411-2_1
Chepchirchir, F., Muriithi, B. W., Langat, J., Mohamed, S. A., Ndlela, S., & Khamis, F. M. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practices on tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta on tomato and potential demand for integrated pest management among smallholder farmers in Kenya and Uganda. Agriculture, 11(12), 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121242
Dorji, T., Rinchen, K., Morrison-Saunders, A., Blake, D., Banham, V., & Pelden, S. (2024). Understanding how Indigenous knowledge contributes to climate change adaptation and resilience: A systematic literature review. Environmental Management, 74(6), 1101-1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-024-02032-x
Fazey, I., Schäpke, N., Caniglia, G., Patterson, J., Hultman, J., van Mierlo, B., ... & Wyborn, C. (2018). Ten essentials for action oriented and second-order energy transitions, transformations and climate change research. Energy Research & Social Science, 40, 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.026
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global environmental change, 16(3), 253-267.
Ghahramani, A., & Moore, A. D. (2016). Impact of climate changes on existing crop-livestock farming systems. Agricultural Systems, 146, 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.05.011
Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global environmental change, 15(3), 199-213
Guja, M. M., & Bedeke, S. B. (2024). Smallholders' climate change adaptation strategies: Exploring effectiveness and opportunities to be capitalized. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04750-y
Hiwasaki, L., Luna, E., & Shaw, R. (2014). Process for integrating local and indigenous knowledge with science for hydro meteorological disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in coastal and small island communities. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 10, 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.07.007
Holling, C. S. (1973, November). Resilience and stability of ecological systems.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2019). Global warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways. IPCC. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/
Irene, E. A., & Abadiano, M. N. (2017). Exploring Indigenous Knowledge, Community Resilience and Belief Systems in Typhoon prone Areas of Samar, Philippines. 2(1), 1-15. https://jar.ssu.edu.ph/index.php/JAR/article/view/19
James, N., Sharma, R., Dev, K., & Sharma, S. (2021). Challenges for Small Scale Rice Farmers-A Case Study from Tanzania. Economic Affairs, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 149-155, March 2021 Retrieved from 10.46852/0424-2513.1.2021.19
Jahangirpour, D., & Zibaei, M. (2022). Farmers' decision to adoption of modern irrigation systems under risk condition: application of stochastic efficiency with respect to a function approach. Frontiers in Water, 4, 931694. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.931694
Kamakaula, Y. (2024). Impact of Climate Change on Traditional Agricultural Practices: An Ethnoecological Perspective. Deleted Journal, 2(02), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.58812/ wsa.v2i02.868
Keats, B., & Evans, P. (2020). Traditional knowledge and resource management in the northwest territories, Canada: Definitions, disciplinary divides, and reasons for decisions. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(4), 1309-1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.08.009
Leal Filho, W., Luetz, J. M., Totin, E., Ayal, D. Y., & Mendy, E. (2025). Obstacles to implementing indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation in Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 373, 123678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123678
Liu, R., Wang, J., Tian, M., Nian, Y., Ren, W., Ma, H., & Liang, F. (2025). Farmers' adoption of green prevention and control technology in China: does information awareness matter? Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04363-4
Madamombe, S. M., Ng’ang’a, S. K., Öborn, I., Nyamadzawo, G., Chirinda, N., Kihara, J., & Nkurunziza, L. (2024). Climate change awareness and adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers in semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2023.2293588
Makondo, C. C., & Thomas, D. S. G. (2018). Climate change adaptation: Linking indigenous knowledge with western science for effective adaptation. Environmental Science & Policy, 88, 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.014
Mbah, M., Ajaps, S., & Molthan-Hill, P. (2021). A systematic review of Indigenous Knowledge Systems for climate change adaptation in developing contexts. Sustainability, 13(9), 4811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094811
McCubbin, S., Smit, B., & Pearce, T. (2015). Where does climate fit? Vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors in Funafuti, Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 30, 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.007
Mugambiwa, S. S., & Tirivangasi, H. M. (2017). Climate change: A threat towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal number two (end hunger) in South Africa. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v9i1.350
Nalau, J., & Verrall, B. (2021). Mapping the evolution and current trends in climate change adaptation science. Climate Risk Management, 32, 100290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100290
Nursey-Bray, M., Palmer, R., Smith, T. F., & Rist, P. (2019). Old ways for new days: Australian Indigenous peoples and climate change. Local Environment, 24(5), 473-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1590325
Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., ... & van Ypserle, J. P. (2014). Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (p. 151). IPCC. Retrieved from 10013/epic.45156
Pacoma, A. J. U., Su, Y., & Genotiva, A. (2022). Resilience Unfiltered. Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, 4(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.7227/jha.078
Phenica, B. A., Lakshmi, T., Prasad, S. V., & Ramu, Y. R. (2018). A study on production constraints of rice cultivation in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and suggestions to overcome them. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 7(11), 2364-2368. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.267
Pretty, J., & Pervez Bharucha, Z. (2015). Integrated pest management for sustainable intensification of agriculture in Asia and Africa. Insects, 6(1), 152-182. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects6010152
Ramya, A., Poornima, R., Karthikeyan, G., Priyatharshini, S., Thanuja, K. G., & Dhevagi, P. (2023). Climate-Induced and Geophysical Disasters and Risk Reduction Management in Mountains Regions. In Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management and Sustainable Practices in the Himalaya (pp. 361-405). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24659-3_16
Reyes-García, V., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Guèze, M., Garcés, A., Mallo, M., Vila-Gómez, M., & Vilaseca, M. (2019). Local indicators of climate change: The potential contribution of local knowledge to climate research. WIREs Climate Change, 10(1), e557. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.557
Ricart, S., Gandolfi, C., & Castelletti, A. (2023). Climate change awareness, perceived impacts, and adaptation from farmers' experience and behavior: A triple-loop review. Regional Environmental Change, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02078-3
Ruiz-Mallén, I., Satorras, M., March, H., & Baró, F. (2022). Community climate resilience and environmental education: Opportunities and challenges for transformative learning. Environmental Education Research, 28(7), 1088-1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2070602
Serote, B., Mokgehle, S., Senyolo, G., du Plooy, C., Hlophe-Ginindza, S., Mpandeli, S., ... & Araya, H. (2023). Exploring the barriers to the adoption of climate-smart irrigation technologies for sustainable crop productivity by smallholder farmers: Evidence from South Africa. Agriculture, 13(2), 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020246
Shehrawat, P. S., Arulmanikandan, B., & Singh, S. (2024). Farmers' Awareness and Adoption of Digital Agricultural Technologies for Sustainable Crop Production. International Journal of Economic Plants, 11(4), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.23910/2/2024.5694a
Theodory, T. F. (2021). Understanding the relevance of indigenous knowledge on climate change adaptation among mixed farmers in the Ngono River Basin, Tanzania. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 13(1), 51-59.
van den Burg, S., Deolu-Ajayi, A. O., Nauta, R., Cervi, W. R., van der Werf, A., Poelman, M., ... & van der Meer, I. M. (2024). Knowledge gaps on how to adapt crop production under changing saline circumstances in the Netherlands. Science of The Total Environment, 170118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170118
van Valkengoed, A. M., Perlaviciute, G., & Steg, L. (2023). From believing in climate change to adapting to climate change: The role of risk perception and efficacy beliefs. Risk Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.14193
Zhang, B., Fu, Z., Wang, J., & Zhang, L. (2019). Farmers' adoption of water-saving irrigation technology alleviates water scarcity in metropolis suburbs: A case study of Beijing, China. Agricultural Water Management, 212, 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.021
Zhang, H. L., Zhao, X., Yin, X. G., Liu, S. L., Xue, J. F., Wang, M., ... & Chen, F. (2015). Challenges and adaptations of farming to climate change in the North China Plain. Climatic Change, 129, 213-224. Retrieved from https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20153116723
Zohuri, B., & Moghaddam, M. (2017). Resilience and Resilience System (pp. 1-32). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53417-6_1
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Salindo, P., Salindo, J. K., Pelletero, V. B., & Osumo, R. (2025). Traditional Knowledge as a Mediator of Climate Awareness and Agricultural Resilience: Insights from Northern Negros, Philippines. Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal (APHERJ), 12(1). https://doi.org/10.56278/apherj.v12i1.3200
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Research Article
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